Residents of Kailer village, Baringo county, normally live to the rhythm of mooing cows and bleating goats. But over the past year, silence has reigned over these swathes of dry land dotted with cacti and mathenge, a dense shrub.
Faced with severe drought, herders and their animals have had to travel further than normal to find water or grazing — and to escape worsening raids on their livestock at home, say the village's women.
"We don't know when they'll return, as cattle raiders may attack them on the way," said a worried resident Christine Lewatachum.
As climate change brings worsening drought and more erratic rainfall, competition for water and grazing is growing, stoking rivalry and theft between livestock herders.
Women and their children, left to mind some of the animals at home, also find themselves vulnerable to livestock raids — and left without an income when they happen.
But an unusual kind of livestock is helping: bees.
NEW LIVELIHOOD
Since 2009, women in the village — and others like it in the region — have managed beehives as a new way of earning a living.
They use the hives to produce honey, soap, beauty creams, candles and cough syrup, among other products, and sell them to residents from neighbouring villages.
While the business has been going on for some time, it is proving particularly valuable as droughts grow more frequent and severe as a result of climate change.
Even as conditions grow more uncertain, "we want to break free from poverty," said Josephine Lemangi, one resident.
Solomon Kerieny, an animal production officer at the Agriculture ministry, said a longer dry season and erratic rainfall have severely affected earnings from livestock, making families more vulnerable.
"When houses lose livestock, they lose their livelihood," he said. "Women need to take up alternative sources of income, such as beekeeping, to withstand weather shocks like these."
The women's group, which Lewatachum co-founded in 2000, initially specialised in buying and raising dairy goats "to stop depending on our husbands' income".
In 2005, however, cattle raiders stole most of the women's herd. "It was too much," Lewatachum said. "We sold the few remaining goats and had to find a new solution."
They decided on beekeeping. "Raiders are less interested in bees as they don't consider them as valuable as livestock," Lewatachum said.
The Agriculture ministry and various charities donated five beehives to the women in 2009, and trained them on making honey-derived products.
HIGH RETURNS
Every three months, the group harvests and sells about 22kg of unprocessed honey for Sh4,000. Processed honey sells for three times that price.
A 100g pot of body cream goes for Sh200 shillings, while a piece of honey soap fetches between Sh20 and Sh30.
Other products made from honey or honeycomb are more unusual.
"The arthritis and asthma syrup, as well as the snake venom antidote, are particularly popular," Lewachtum said. "Residents often get bitten by snakes lurking in shrubs when fetching water or searching for grazing spots."
The women display their products at weddings or farm fairs, she said. When they aren't able to meet demand, they buy honey from other beekeepers.
"In times of drought there is no nectar for bees to feed on, so we can only harvest once a year instead of three times," said Lemangi, another group member.
The women put the profit they make into a fund from which members can take out loans with a 1 per cent interest rate.
This has allowed them to expand their operation to 14 beehives and to buy 2.25 acres, where they plan to set up a honey processing plant.
Group members now earn an average of Sh26,000 per month from their various businesses, compared to next to nothing previously, as everything was stolen by raiders, she said.
While the women are becoming more secure economically, continuing insecurity threatens their progress, experts say.
"Without physical security, the women cannot establish long-term investments, as cattle raids or counter-attacks routinely burn houses and injure residents," said Tom Nyamache, a professor of economics at the Turkana University College.
In February, the government deployed more than 100 police reservists to the area to reinforce local authorities —but even they were attacked by the bandits, Nyamache said.
But while cattle raids continue, the beehives have so far remained intact.
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